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Communist terrorism
Communist terrorism describes terrorism carried out in the advancement of, or by groups who adhere to, communism or related ideologies, such as Leninism, Maoism, or Stalinism. Communist terrorism in history has taken the form of state-sponsored terrorism in communist nations, such as the Soviet Union,〔Fleming pp110〕〔Chaliand page 197/202〕 China,〔Chaliand page 197/202〕 North Korea〔Chaliand page 197/202〕 and Cambodia.〔Clymer page 107〕 Non-state actors, such as the Red Brigades, Front Line, and the Red Army Faction have also engaged in communist terrorism.〔C. J. M. Drake page 19〕〔Sloan pp61〕 These groups hope to inspire the masses to rise up and begin a revolution overthrowing existing political and economic systems.〔Yonah ppIX〕
The end of the Cold War and the fall of the Soviet Union have been credited with leading to a marked decrease in such terrorism.〔David C. Wills page 219〕 Brian Crozier, founder and director of the Institute for the Study of Conflict, has said that communism was the primary source of both state-sponsored and non-state terrorism.〔Brian Crozier page 203〕
==History==
In the 1930s, the term "communist terrorism" was used by the Nazi Party in Germany as part of a propaganda campaign to spread fear of communism. The Nazis blamed communist terrorism for the Reichstag Fire, which they used as an excuse to push through legislation removing personal freedom from German citizens.〔Conway pp17〕〔Gadberry pp7〕 In the 1940s and 1950s, various Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Vietnam, witnessed the rise of communist groups engaging in terrorism. John Slocum has written that communists in present-day Malaysia used terrorism to draw attention to their ideological beliefs,〔Slocum pp75〕 but Phillip Deery has written that the Malaysian insurgents were called communist terrorists only as part of a propaganda campaign.〔Phillip Deery. The Terminology of Terrorism: Malaya, 1948–52. ''Journal of Southeast Asia Studies'', Vol. 34, No. 2 (June 2003), pp. 231–247.〕
In the 1960s, the Sino–Soviet split (between two communist states) led to a marked increase in terrorist activity in the region.〔Weinberg pp14〕 That decade also saw various terrorist groups commencing operations in Europe, Japan, and the Americas. Yonah Alexander deemed these groups Fighting Communist Organizations (FCOs),〔Alexander pp16〕〔Harmon pp13〕 and says they rose out of the student union movement protesting against the Vietnam War. In Western Europe, these groups' actions were known as Euroterrorism.〔Harmon pp58〕 The founders of FCOs argued that violence was necessary to achieve their goals, and that peaceful protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them.〔Drake pp102〕〔Sandler pp10〕 In the 1970s, there were an estimated 50 Marxist or Leninist groups operating in Turkey, and an estimated 225 in Italy. Groups also began operations in Ireland and the United Kingdom.〔Alexander pp51-52〕 These groups were deemed a major threat by NATO and the Italian, German, and British governments.〔Paoletti p202〕 Communist terrorism did not enjoy full support from all ideologically sympathetic groups. The Italian Communist Party, for example, condemned such activity.〔Richard Drake. Terrorism and the Decline of Italian Communism: Domestic and International Dimensions. ''Journal of Cold War Studies'', Volume 12, Number 2, Spring 2010 1531-3298〕
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